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Stop 1 of 6 · 13 min

The case and the prompt

The AI is only as accurate as the facts you give it. Your expertise goes in first.

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Same AI, same case request, two prompts. Left: a short prompt, the way an experienced user would write it, asking for drugs and doses. Right: the case blueprint, with our facts and our constraints. We ran each prompt 10 times. You see the typical run of each, chosen by a rule we set before reading any of them.

Short prompt (with drugs and doses)

Show the prompt
Write a 250-word clinical case for third-year veterinary students in food animal medicine about a leptospirosis abortion outbreak in a US beef cow-calf herd. Include the history, diagnostic test results with their interpretation, and a treatment and control plan with specific drugs, doses, and withdrawal times.
Unedited AI output

Clinical case: Abortion outbreak in a beef herd

History: In October, a Missouri cow-calf operation reports eight abortions among 120 pregnant cows over three weeks. Fetuses are approximately six to eight months’ gestation. Several cows briefly appeared febrile; most remain clinically normal. Cattle recently entered a flooded pasture shared with wildlife. Purchased replacements were introduced without quarantine. Leptospirosis vaccination records are incomplete.

Diagnostics and interpretation: Submit fresh placenta, fetal kidney, liver, and stomach contents, plus maternal serum and urine, to a diagnostic laboratory. Placental and fetal-kidney PCR detect pathogenic Leptospira. Histopathology shows placentitis and fetal interstitial nephritis. These findings support leptospiral abortion rather than incidental maternal exposure. Paired maternal microscopic agglutination tests show a fourfold antibody rise against serovar Pomona, supporting recent infection. A single positive titer cannot distinguish infection from vaccination; low titers do not exclude infection, particularly with Hardjo. Negative urine PCR would not exclude intermittent shedding. Concurrent testing excludes brucellosis and other locally relevant abortion agents.

Treatment and control: Under veterinary supervision, treat affected and exposed cattle with oxytetracycline, 6.6 mg/kg IM every 24 hours for 3–5 days, using a product whose label includes this leptospirosis regimen. For Liquamycin LA-200, the cattle slaughter withdrawal is 28 days after the final treatment; follow injection-site volume limits. Do not assume treatment eliminates renal carriage. Any extralabel regimen requires veterinary oversight and a withdrawal interval established with FARAD.

Vaccinate healthy cattle with an appropriate leptospiral bacterin; follow label boosters. Isolate aborting cows, remove fetuses and placentas safely, provide clean water, restrict wildlife access, quarantine replacements, and use gloves and eye protection.

Case blueprint prompt

Show the prompt
ROLE: You are helping a veterinary educator write a teaching case.

AUDIENCE AND OBJECTIVES: Third-year veterinary students in food animal medicine. After the case, students should be able to (1) interpret paired leptospiral MAT serology, (2) recognize what fetal and urine tests can and cannot show, and (3) outline a treatment and control plan that is legal for US beef cattle.

FACTS I PROVIDE (treat as true; do not change them):
- Commercial cow-calf operation, southeastern United States; about 85 Angus-cross cows; fall calving; late summer after weeks of heavy rain.
- Cattle drink from a pond and a slow creek with muddy margins; feral hogs seen along the creek at night.
- Last reproductive vaccine 2-3 years ago (product unknown); no leptospirosis booster since. No cattle purchased this year; same three bulls.
- Six of 80 pregnant cows aborted in late gestation over five weeks (7.5%); two weak premature calves, one with dark red urine and rapid breathing before death.
- The owner's adult son handled two aborted fetuses bare-handed and had a flu-like illness with headache and muscle aches last week.
- Results: fetal kidney PCR for pathogenic Leptospira positive; fetal fluorescent antibody positive; fetal BVDV PCR negative; Neospora IHC negative; BoHV-1 PCR negative; abomasal culture no significant growth; dam MAT Pomona 1:1600, then 1:6400 two weeks later; dam MAT Hardjo 1:100 on both samples; five herdmates MAT Pomona 1:400 to 1:3200; urine PCR positive in 2 of 5 aborting cows.

TASK: Write the case in these sections: Setting; Owner's complaint; Results table; Interpretation; Plan (herd treatment, vaccination, environment, people).

CONSTRAINTS:
- 250 words or fewer.
- Results as raw values only; no reference ranges and no words such as elevated or abnormal in the results table.
- Interpretation: a fourfold rise in paired titers supports recent infection with an incidental serovar; PCR and fluorescent antibody do not identify the serovar; low Hardjo titers do not rule out Hardjo.
- Drugs: name only drug classes or products approved for cattle in the US; no doses and no withdrawal numbers; say that any extralabel use requires a veterinarian under a valid VCPR and must follow AMDUCA, and that withdrawal times follow the product label or FARAD.
- People: recommend that the son see a physician and mention the cattle exposure; do not diagnose or treat him.
- Do not name the diagnosis in the title or the setting.
- Mark anything you add beyond my facts with [ADDED].

SELF-CHECK: Before answering, check that every number matches my facts and that the plan is legal for US beef cattle.
Unedited AI output

Setting

Southeastern US commercial cow-calf herd: about 85 Angus-cross cows, fall-calving. Late summer, following weeks of heavy rain; pond/slow-creek water, muddy margins, nocturnal feral hogs. Last reproductive vaccine 2–3 years ago, product unknown; no leptospirosis booster since. No purchases this year; same three bulls.

Owner’s complaint

Six of 80 pregnant cows aborted late-term over five weeks (7.5%). Two weak premature calves; one had dark-red urine and rapid breathing before death. Owner’s adult son handled two fetuses bare-handed; flu-like illness, headache, and muscle aches last week.

Results table

Test/sampleResult
Fetal kidney pathogenic Leptospira PCRPositive
Fetal fluorescent antibodyPositive
Fetal BVDV PCRNegative
Neospora IHCNegative
BoHV-1 PCRNegative
Abomasal cultureNo significant growth
Dam Pomona MAT, two weeks apart1:1600 → 1:6400
Dam Hardjo MAT1:100 → 1:100
Five herdmates, Pomona MAT1:400–1:3200
Aborting-cow urine PCR2/5 positive

Interpretation

[ADDED] Fourfold paired-titer rise supports recent incidental-serovar infection. Pomona is suggested, not proven: PCR/fluorescent antibody cannot identify serovar. Low Hardjo titers do not exclude Hardjo. Fetal results support fetal infection; urine PCR detects DNA, not viability. Negative urine PCR cannot exclude intermittent shedding.

Plan

[ADDED]

  • Herd treatment: Veterinarian-directed tetracycline treatment; any extralabel use requires a veterinarian under a valid VCPR, following AMDUCA. Withdrawal times follow product label or FARAD.
  • Vaccination: Cattle-approved leptospiral vaccine; label-directed primary series/boosters.
  • Environment: Clean water; restrict muddy-water/wildlife access; safely remove fetuses.
  • People: Gloves, splash protection; son should see a physician and mention cattle exposure.

Expert notes on the short-prompt draft

Checked against our case and the US drug label. Reveal one at a time.

Across 10 runs

One square per AI run. Same request, same model, 10 runs of each prompt.

Mistakes fewer is better

An off-label drug regimen called “labeled”, with the label withdrawal applied

Errors in serology or test interpretation (the AI knows leptospirosis)

What our case needs more is better

Set in our herd, with our facts

A results table of raw values for students to interpret

The exposed person and a physician referral

View as table
Across 10 runs: number of runs out of 10
What we checkedShort prompt (drugs and doses)Case blueprint prompt
An off-label drug regimen called “labeled”, with the label withdrawal applied6 of 100 of 10 (no doses, as instructed)
Errors in serology or test interpretation (the AI knows leptospirosis)0 of 100 of 10
Set in our herd, with our facts0 of 1010 of 10
A results table of raw values for students to interpret0 of 1010 of 10
The exposed person and a physician referral0 of 1010 of 10

Method: gpt-6.1-sol, reasoning low, 10 runs per prompt on 22 October 2026. Each draft was scored against a checklist written before any output was seen, with a quote and a source for every flag; debatable wording was not counted. The drafts shown above are the typical (median) runs, chosen by a rule set in advance.

Reading the short-prompt draft, what is its biggest problem for teaching?

Live demo: remove one ingredient

Full case blueprint prompt

Show the prompt
ROLE: You are helping a veterinary educator write a teaching case.

AUDIENCE AND OBJECTIVES: Third-year veterinary students in food animal medicine. After the case, students should be able to (1) interpret paired leptospiral MAT serology, (2) recognize what fetal and urine tests can and cannot show, and (3) outline a treatment and control plan that is legal for US beef cattle.

FACTS I PROVIDE (treat as true; do not change them):
- Commercial cow-calf operation, southeastern United States; about 85 Angus-cross cows; fall calving; late summer after weeks of heavy rain.
- Cattle drink from a pond and a slow creek with muddy margins; feral hogs seen along the creek at night.
- Last reproductive vaccine 2-3 years ago (product unknown); no leptospirosis booster since. No cattle purchased this year; same three bulls.
- Six of 80 pregnant cows aborted in late gestation over five weeks (7.5%); two weak premature calves, one with dark red urine and rapid breathing before death.
- The owner's adult son handled two aborted fetuses bare-handed and had a flu-like illness with headache and muscle aches last week.
- Results: fetal kidney PCR for pathogenic Leptospira positive; fetal fluorescent antibody positive; fetal BVDV PCR negative; Neospora IHC negative; BoHV-1 PCR negative; abomasal culture no significant growth; dam MAT Pomona 1:1600, then 1:6400 two weeks later; dam MAT Hardjo 1:100 on both samples; five herdmates MAT Pomona 1:400 to 1:3200; urine PCR positive in 2 of 5 aborting cows.

TASK: Write the case in these sections: Setting; Owner's complaint; Results table; Interpretation; Plan (herd treatment, vaccination, environment, people).

CONSTRAINTS:
- 250 words or fewer.
- Results as raw values only; no reference ranges and no words such as elevated or abnormal in the results table.
- Interpretation: a fourfold rise in paired titers supports recent infection with an incidental serovar; PCR and fluorescent antibody do not identify the serovar; low Hardjo titers do not rule out Hardjo.
- Drugs: name only drug classes or products approved for cattle in the US; no doses and no withdrawal numbers; say that any extralabel use requires a veterinarian under a valid VCPR and must follow AMDUCA, and that withdrawal times follow the product label or FARAD.
- People: recommend that the son see a physician and mention the cattle exposure; do not diagnose or treat him.
- Do not name the diagnosis in the title or the setting.
- Mark anything you add beyond my facts with [ADDED].

SELF-CHECK: Before answering, check that every number matches my facts and that the plan is legal for US beef cattle.
Unedited AI output

281 words

Setting

Southeastern US commercial cow-calf herd: about 85 Angus-cross cows, fall-calving. Late summer, following weeks of heavy rain; pond/slow-creek water, muddy margins, nocturnal feral hogs. Last reproductive vaccine 2–3 years ago, product unknown; no leptospirosis booster since. No purchases this year; same three bulls.

Owner’s complaint

Six of 80 pregnant cows aborted late-term over five weeks (7.5%). Two weak premature calves; one had dark-red urine and rapid breathing before death. Owner’s adult son handled two fetuses bare-handed; flu-like illness, headache, and muscle aches last week.

Results table

Test/sampleResult
Fetal kidney pathogenic Leptospira PCRPositive
Fetal fluorescent antibodyPositive
Fetal BVDV PCRNegative
Neospora IHCNegative
BoHV-1 PCRNegative
Abomasal cultureNo significant growth
Dam Pomona MAT, two weeks apart1:1600 → 1:6400
Dam Hardjo MAT1:100 → 1:100
Five herdmates, Pomona MAT1:400–1:3200
Aborting-cow urine PCR2/5 positive

Interpretation

[ADDED] Fourfold paired-titer rise supports recent incidental-serovar infection. Pomona is suggested, not proven: PCR/fluorescent antibody cannot identify serovar. Low Hardjo titers do not exclude Hardjo. Fetal results support fetal infection; urine PCR detects DNA, not viability. Negative urine PCR cannot exclude intermittent shedding.

Plan

[ADDED]

  • Herd treatment: Veterinarian-directed tetracycline treatment; any extralabel use requires a veterinarian under a valid VCPR, following AMDUCA. Withdrawal times follow product label or FARAD.
  • Vaccination: Cattle-approved leptospiral vaccine; label-directed primary series/boosters.
  • Environment: Clean water; restrict muddy-water/wildlife access; safely remove fetuses.
  • People: Gloves, splash protection; son should see a physician and mention cattle exposure.

Go deeper: Generative AI in Veterinary Education: Opportunities and Challenges

Pedro Diniz · Association for Veterinary Informatics webinar · · 55 min

Pedro's recorded webinar on generative AI and prompting.

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Quick check

Question 1

In the case blueprint, which ingredient told the AI how to keep its drug advice within US rules?

Created by AI under faculty supervision for demonstration only. Not a scientific reference; verify important information.

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01

The case and the prompt

The AI is only as accurate as the facts you give it. Your expertise goes in first.